In the latter part of 1933
and the early part of 1934, the Chicago gang of Roger "The Terrible"
Touhy was smashed.
Singly and in groups, the
Touhy mobsters were accounted for. James Tribble was murdered on September 8,
1933 in Chicago. William Sharkey committed suicide at St. Paul on December 1,
1933. Touhy himself and two of his henchmen were convicted in state court at
Chicago on February 23, 1934, and sentenced to serve 99 years in prison for
kidnapping John "Jake the Barber" Factor and holding him for ransom.
The FBI had investigated the Factor kidnapping, but had stepped out at the
conclusion of the investigation and turned over all evidence to state
authorities. The federal courts had no jurisdiction because the kidnappers had
not taken their victim across a state line.
Charles C. Connors was
murdered at Willow Springs, Illinois, on March 13, 1934. On the same date,
Basil "The Owl" Banghart, machine gunner and aviator for the mob, was
convicted in state court in Chicago and sentenced to serve 99 years for
participating in the Factor kidnapping. Two months later, Banghart was also
tried in federal court at Asheville, North Carolina, and sentenced to serve 36
years in prison on a charge of robbing United States mail.
Two remaining members of
the Touhy gang, Isaac A. Costner and Ludwig Schmidt, were also convicted on the
mail robbery charge.
Thus, by the end of May,
1934, three members of the mob were dead, and 11 were in prison serving long
terms.
For half a decade, the
northwest section of Cook County, Illinois, had been known as Touhy Territory
and the infamous mob had made bizarre history throughout the Midwest and along
the Atlantic seaboard under the leadership of Roger Touhy, one of six notorious
sons of James Touhy, deceased, a former patrolman in the Chicago Police
Department.
Touhy "The
Terrible" was quickly forgotten after he was received in Stateville
Penitentiary at Joliet in 1934. Banghart started serving his long term in the
Illinois State Prison at Menard. After a break from Menard in 1935, however, he
was transferred to Joliet, where he renewed acquaintance with Touhy.
For seven years, Touhy and
Banghart remained in prison, keeping in touch with their old outside contacts
through the fantastic medium of the underworld grapevine, watching for any
possible chance of escape.
They took no one into their
confidence. Banghart already had four previous escapes on his record, and when
he went to Joliet, he boasted that no prison in the world could keep him. He
observed the activities of prison guards and assimilated every item of
information that might be important in a planned escape. He learned the exact
location of all prison facilities; the height of the walls; the position of the
prison towers and the distance between them; and the number of guards and the
kind of weapons they carried. He even claimed to know that the guards carried
rifles sighted in at 100 yards, although they manned towers which were 300
yards apart.
Ultimately, a plan of
escape matured, a plan which necessitated assistance both inside and out.
First of all, Touhy and
Banghart needed guns; so they took Big Ed Darlak into their confidence. Edward
Darlak was a 32-year old lifer, received at Joliet on October 14, 1935, under a
199 year sentence for murder. Darlak sent word to a young brother, Casimir, on
the outside. Casimir got two .45 caliber revolvers, together with ammunition,
and one night in August, 1942, tossed them into bushes near the prison. The
guns were smuggled into the prison by a trusty who had the duty of lowering the
prison flag each evening. He carried the guns in, wrapped in the flag.
With this accomplished,
Banghart started negotiations for outside assistance. He needed a getaway car
and a hide-out. Tentative arrangements were made but the plans were never
consummated. The shabby characters willing to provide such services for a fee
were not punctual or reliable. Again, it was "The Owl" who overcame
the difficulties. He observed that a prison guard who manned tower number three
drove his own car to work and left it parked near the tower gate, outside the
prison wall. Banghart felt he could shift for a hide-out once he reached that
car, because the entire Chicago area was familiar territory.
Touhy, Banghart, and Darlak
passed word to four other Joliet long-termers willing to risk a break:
-William Stewart, 43 years
old, under two 20-year sentences as a habitual criminal, parole violator and
highway robber;
-Eugene Lanthorn, 36 years
old, under a sentence of one year to life for assault to commit murder and for
two previous escapes from Joliet;
-St. Clair McInerney, 31
years old, under sentence of one year to life for robbery, burglary, and
violation of parole; and,
-Martilick Nelson, 40 years
old, under sentence of one year to life as a robber, habitual criminal and
parole violator.
Shortly before 1:00 p.m.,
on October 9, 1942, Touhy began the break from Joliet. He assaulted the driver
of a prison garbage truck, obtained the truck and drove to the mechanical shop
where Lanthorn was working, arriving there simultaneously with Banghart, McInerney,
Darlak, Stewart, and Nelson. Working together, the seven convicts overpowered
guards on duty in the shop, cut telephone wires, ripped some ladders out of
locked racks, piled into the truck and headed for the northwest corner of the
prison yard, holding two guards as hostages. Touhy and Banghart were
brandishing .45 revolvers. Lanthorn was armed with a "Molotov
Cocktail"—a crude incendiary bomb which he had fashioned in the prison
shop and which he intended to use to start a panic if necessary. He did not
need to use his bomb, however.
When the truck pulled up at
the foot of tower number three, one of the convicts fired at the guard in the
tower, bringing him under control. Others threw ladders up against the wall.
Touhy led five of the men up into the tower where they disarmed the guard and
seized the keys to the tower gate and the keys to the guard's car. Banghart
stayed below to cover them and the guards who had been brought from the shop as
hostages. Nelson went down the outside wall by rope, opened the tower door with
the guard's keys, and the gang ran out. They fled in the guard's automobile
taking the cinder road that would bring them out on the highway to Chicago. The
convicts were well armed. From tower number three, they had taken two high-powered
rifles and a .45 caliber handgun.
At eight o'clock that
evening, the getaway car, traveling at furious speed, broke through a police
blockade at Elmhurst. At 11:00 p.m., the car was abandoned at Villa Park, in
the middle of town where it could not be missed; the gang's way of notifying
the FBI that they had not taken a stolen car across a state line.
From Villa Park, they fled
into the Cook County Forest Reserve on foot and hid out in a shack for four
days. Banghart foraged for food at night. On the evening of October 13, he
returned to the shack with a stolen automobile and moved the gang to a 13th
street apartment on the West Side.
Posing as long-distance
truck-drivers, they all lived in his apartment for almost two months. Banghart
was trying to hold them together long enough to plan and execute some big-time
hold-ups which would bring in the fabulous sums of money needed in their schemes.
They wanted to buy a farm near Chicago for a hide-out; they wanted legitimately
purchased automobiles to obviate the danger of traveling in "hot"
cars; and they wanted plastic surgery work done to change their appearances and
destroy their fingerprints. Touhy was said to have the contacts for the plastic
surgery, but the cost was $100,000.
Holding such a collection
of desperate men together and keeping them in safe hiding was no easy job.
Banghart ruled them with an iron hand. He allowed no drinking, except for an
occasional bottle brought into the apartment, and permitted no promiscuous
associations with outsiders. Every day when a man went out for food and
supplies, Banghart, armed with a sawed-off shotgun wrapped in a newspaper,
followed to convoy. The convicts changed clothes with each other frequently,
made every effort to disguise themselves and, when on the streets, always
walked facing oncoming traffic so that police or FBI cars could not slip up on
them from behind.
About December, 1, 1942,
the gang, feeling that neighbors had begun to notice them, moved to a nearby
apartment, but bedbugs drove them out in two days. Their next residence was in
the Doversun Apartments on Sunnyside Avenue.
They had been at Doversun
only a few days when the first serious rift occurred; Stewart and Nelson went
out alone one night and returned to the apartment drunk. Banghart disarmed them
and pistol whipped them both, beating them until they were unconscious. Leaving
the two battered and apparently dying, the other five convicts immediately
abandoned the apartment and lived for a few days in a garage where they had
their stolen car hidden. Banghart, Darlak, Touhy, McInerney, and Lanthorn
ultimately moved into the Norwood Apartments at 1256 Leland Avenue. Stewart and
Nelson somehow recovered, got out of the Doversun Apartments before they were
discovered, and separated—Nelson to go to Minneapolis and Stewart to seek
refuge with a former girlfriend in Chicago.
Although this crowd escaped
from Joliet on October 9, 1942, the FBI did not enter the search for them until
October 16, 1942. They were state prisoners, and in escaping they violated no
federal law. But after a week had passed and they had failed to present
themselves for registration under the Selective Service Law they became draft
delinquents. The FBI formally filed on them for failure to register and
obtained federal warrants of arrest.
Realizing that this gang of
desperadoes constituted a grave threat to the public safety, Director J. Edgar
Hoover personally took charge of the Touhy investigation at its inception. From
his Washington Headquarters he directed a continent-wide man hunt that had no
equal since the days of Dillinger.
Agents at FBI Headquarters
dug into the old voluminous files on the Factor kidnapping for every fragment
of information about Touhy and Banghart's past associates, hide-outs, habits,
friends and relatives. Agents were sent into Joliet to review prison records
for the names of all relatives, visitors, and correspondents of all seven
escapees. They interviewed prison guards and convicts who were known to have
associated in any way with any of the seven subjects. Convicts who had formerly
associated with them but who had already been discharged from prison were
located. Old prison records in other institutions where the subjects had served
time were examined. Every known relative, every former friend or character
witness, every attorney who was known to have represented the men - every
possible contact of all seven subjects was located. Those who were cooperative
were interviewed for their assistance, while others were watched night and day.
Photographs, descriptions, and brief criminal histories of all the escapees
were sent to every law enforcement agency in America, to all leading newspapers
and to agencies in Canada and Mexico. Stops were placed along the borders and
all patrol stations were given photographs of the convicts.
Every lead, no matter how
shadowy, was cautiously and thoroughly run out.
In the initial stages, the
investigation was primarily an exhaustive preparation of a nation-wide network
of ambushes. Sooner or later a break would come—one of the fugitives would
attempt a contact that was covered.
Mere waiting, however, was
not enough. To conserve manpower and expenses and to bring these desperadoes
into custody at the earliest possible moment, it was necessary to make
deductions on which to predicate offensive action.
Director Hoover and his
staff deduced that Banghart would try to hold the gang together; that they would
hide out in Chicago; and that, by means of pocket picking and petty stick-ups,
they would obtain identification papers such as Selective Service cards to
avoid an accidental arrest for vagrancy or the like.
Agents carefully reviewed
the Chicago police files on unsolved petty stick-up cases in which the victim
had lost a wallet containing draft cards and other identification.
The first break came on
December 15, 1942, when Nelson attempted to contact a relative in north
Minneapolis. Knowing, therefore, that Nelson was in the area and that he was
not staying with relatives, agents assumed that he was stopping at some cheap
hotel using an alias. A logical alias would be the name of some Chicago citizen
who had lost his wallet in a recent stickup.
An FBI agent and an officer
of the Minneapolis Police Department checked these possibilities. The next day,
December 16, 1942, they found Nelson in a hotel, in bed with a loaded gun under
his pillow and his door barricaded with a chair. He was registered under the
name of Harold Seeger. Harold Seeger, it should be noted, was a Chicago
grocerman who was held up by a masked bandit on December 11, 1942, and robbed
of his wallet, identification papers and pocket money.
Nelson would not talk, but
the half-healed, grievous wounds on his head were a significant indication that
the gang had had trouble. On the same day that Nelson was arrested, agents
located Stewart.
Several days before,
Stewart had made a telephone call to Milwaukee. The call was traced to a pay
station telephone in a drug store on North Broadway in Chicago. Within an hour
after this call was made, agents were combing that area of Chicago. Contacts
were developed in hotels, barrooms, night spots, rooming houses, and
restaurants. Many reliable persons, when shown Stewart's photograph, believed
that they had seen the man recently.
Finally on December 16,
1942, agents observed a known acquaintance of Stewart's standing near a bank at
the intersection of Oak Park and Harrison Streets. He was carrying a newspaper
high under his left arm, rather awkwardly. To the trained observer, he had the
air of a man waiting to be met by someone he did not know. The newspaper could
very well be the tag by which he was to be recognized.
The agents waited. Their
assumption was correct. The man did have a rendezvous but agents did not
recognize the individual who came to meet him. They followed the unknown man
and found that he lived in a hotel on West Harrison Street. A surveillance at
the hotel soon located Stewart. He was known at the hotel as James Shea, this
being the name of a man robbed of his wallet and identification papers in
Chicago on November 22, 1942. He was also known as "The Deacon,"
because he dressed in black and wore his clothing like a minister in an effort
to disguise himself. When in public, he always carried a Bible, which he
frequently opened and read.
Agents did not arrest
Stewart immediately. They hoped he would lead them to Touhy and his gang. For
four days there were no significant developments.
Then, on December 20, 1942,
Stewart had a rendezvous with two men unknown to surveilling agents. The agents
surmised that Stewart was not in direct contact with the gang and that these
two men were couriers between him and Banghart. Agents quietly took Stewart
into custody and followed the two couriers.
The next day, December 21,
1942, agents following one of the couriers recognized Banghart and Darlak whom
the courier met in a crowded, downtown area. Agents instinctively realized what
was wrapped inside the newspaper that Banghart was carrying. They also realized
that it was not time to take Banghart and Darlak. They knew that Banghart, if
approached on the street, would start shooting wildly and that the lives of
bystanders would be imperiled. They also knew that if they took Banghart and
Darlak, the search for the remaining fugitives would become even more
difficult. The thing to do was to follow Banghart and Darlak until they led to
the hide-out so that all five fugitives could be taken at once without
endangering the lives of innocent citizens.
The surveillance on
Banghart for the next seven days was most difficult. He carried his shotgun at
all times and he knew all of the tricks of shaking off or detecting surveilling
officers. The hazardous surveillance, however, paid off. Banghart never
realized that he was being followed.
Within five days, agents
had learned that the entire gang had been living in apartment number 31 at 1256
Leland Avenue, but that they were splitting into two groups. McInerney and
Lanthorn were remaining in apartment number 31; Darlak, Touhy, and Banghart
were moving into an apartment at 5116 Kenmore Avenue.
Only one thing remained to
be done before arrangements could be made for the arrests. The agents, who had
never before seen McInerney and Lanthorn, had to be absolutely certain that
these were the right men before attempting the arrest, because they knew there
would be gunplay. On Sunday afternoon, December 27, 1942, the two men believed
to be McInerney and Lanthorn both left their apartment for a few minutes. While
agents were following them on the streets, two other agents slipped into their
apartment and obtained some discarded bottles which could be processed for
fingerprints. In the Chicago office they developed on these bottles
fingerprints identical with those of the two fugitives.
Director Hoover hurried to
Chicago to make final plans for the raid. In both apartment houses,
unsuspecting neighbors who might be in the line of fire had to be secretly
evacuated. Arrangements had to be made with the police department to block off
the streets. Every conceivable means of an exit had to be covered, and the
agents deployed so that they would not be caught in their own cross fire.
On Monday evening, December
28, 1942, McInerney and Lanthorn again left their apartment and went to visit
the other fugitives. Two agents slipped into their room to await their return.
other agents filtered into the building to cover all possible means of escape.
At 11:20 p.m. the two fugitives returned. They approached the door of their
apartment with their guns drawn. After a tense, listening pause before the
door, Lanthorn inserted a key and threw the door open.
One of the agents in the
room called for their surrender: "We are federal officers. Put your hands
up."
Both convicts fired in the
direction of the voice. The agents opened fire. Both men lurched from the room,
stumbled over the banister and fell dead on the second-floor landing. On the
bodies of both men were found large sums of money. In McInerney's pockets were
two strange items: (1) the address of an undertaker, and (2) a fragment of
verse:
I wish I now were old
enough
To give some sound advice
To make each person weigh
his thoughts
And turn over twice.
I wish my eyes had seen
enough
So I could make him see
The way impressions in this
life
Can fool us easily.
I wish my heart had held
enough
So it could not impart
The worthiest philosophy To
every human heart.
McInerney, 31, was the youngest
of this group of convicts.
Director Hoover next took
his men to 5116 Kenmore Avenue where they surrounded the building and took up
their assigned posts in adjoining apartments. They waited until just before
dawn.
At 5:00 a.m., on December
29, 1942, powerful searchlights were turned on to illuminate the apartment
building and to play on the windows of the fugitives' first-floor apartment. As
the lights went on, one of Director Hoover's assistants began speaking into a
microphone connected with a loudspeaker outside the apartment door.
"Touhy, Banghart,
Darlak, we are the FBI. Surrender and come out with your hands up. There is no
hope of escape. You are surrounded. You have ten minutes to decide. We will
then start shooting."
These words were repeated
several times, then: "Banghart, you come out first. Come out backwards
with your hands in the air. Touhy, you come out next and Darlak, you come last.
Come out one at a time. Come out backwards with your hands in the air."
The agents could hear excited and muffled voices in the apartment:
"Let's fight."
"No! They've got us
covered on all sides."
"What do you say -
let's give up. I know how these guys operate!"
"Listen to that voice.
It sure gives me the creeps!"
A few seconds later,
Banghart backed out of the apartment, hands held high in the air, talking fast:
"Don't do anything.
Don't do anything. Don't worry—I won't do anything!"
He had no chance to do
anything. Director Hoover seized him and he was handcuffed.
Next came Touhy, the very
ghost of the once feared "Black Roger." His curly, black hair had
been peroxided to a reddish-blond and was the texture of straw. Clad in flaming
red satin pajamas, he was trembling and silent as he backed out of the apartment
holding his hands over his head. He stared morosely at the floor while he was
being handcuffed. Darlak, as instructed, backed out last.
Banghart was the first to
regain his composure. His owl-like eyes had been darting about, taking in
everything that happened. He was the first to speak after all the convicts had
been taken into custody.
"You're Mr. Hoover,
aren't you? I pegged you from your picture in the paper. It's not everybody
that has the honor of having the big Chief get him." Touhy was glum and one
of the agents asked him what he was thinking. Banghart chirped a reply:
"Well, Boss, he's thinking as Molly said to Fibber the other night—it
ain't funny anymore." On the way to the FBI office, Banghart chattered
endlessly:
"We picked the wrong
time for this break. A fellow has to have a Selective Service card, a Social
Security card, and is hindered by too many wartime restrictions."
After wistfully thinking it
over, Banghart added:
"If I had broken out
two years ago, I could have gotten out of the country, maybe gone to South
America and gotten a job flying."
He even grew expansive and
paid the FBI a compliment:
"Mr. Hoover," he
said, "you've got a good outfit. That sound chilled us. It was coming
through the window, through the front door, through the back door—from all
over. At first, I thought some of our enemies were out to get us."
In connection with this
investigation and the searches incidental to the arrests, FBI agents recovered
a total of $13,605.84 which the gang had taken in the robbery of an armored car
in north Chicago on December 18, 1942. Also recovered were stolen automobiles,
guns, expensive clothing and draft and Social Security cards of persons who had
been robbed.
The Selective Service
complaints which agents had filed in October were all dismissed. Nelson,
Stewart, Darlak, and Touhy were returned to state custody. Banghart was sent to
Alcatraz.
All the way through,
Banghart had been the undisputed leader of this mob.
He was born in 1900 at
Berville, Michigan. He finished high school and had one year at college before
he turned definitely to a career of crime.
The record indicates that
he stole over one hundred automobiles in and around Detroit before his first
arrest and conviction in 1926.
On January 4, 1926, he was
arrested in Cincinnati and returned to Detroit to stand trial for car theft. He
pleaded guilty and threw himself on the mercy of the court. The judge placed
him on probation for one year.
Two months later in April
1926, he was again arrested, this time in Dayton, Ohio and was charged with a
violation of the National Motor Vehicle Theft Act.
He was convicted and
sentenced to serve two years in the United States Penitentiary at Atlanta,
Georgia, where he deliberately made the acquaintance of long-termers, making
what was the equivalent of a post-graduate study in crime.
Assigned to the window
washing detail, Banghart had good opportunity to saw the steel bars enclosing a
window. At dusk on January 25, 1927, together with other convicts, he made his
escape through the window, jumped twenty feet to the ground and made a headlong
dash across an open field. Outrunning the bloodhounds, he plunged through
swamps and marshes to freedom.
He made his way to Montana
where he cooled off for a period before going back east to organize a business
of stealing automobiles. He established a ring of car thieves which operated in
and around New Jersey. Some of the stolen cars were driven south; others were
sold in the same city where they had been stolen after Banghart had changed the
motor and serial number.
In October 1928, he was
arrested in Pennsylvania and turned over to a United States Marshal at
Pittsburgh for arraignment on a National Motor Vehicle Theft Act charge. While
in the custody of the marshal in the federal building at Pittsburgh, Banghart
asked permission to go to the lavatory. Walking down the corridor, he suddenly
shoved the Marshal off balance and dashed out of the building, pointing in
front of him and shouting, "Get the police." Stop that man!" The
ruse worked and Banghart made good his escape. Two weeks later, however, he was
arrested in Philadelphia. In that two weeks he had dyed his hair, shaved his
moustache, and put on glasses.
He was returned to Atlanta
and served out his sentence, which expired on February 14, 1930. When he left,
however, he did not go free. He was taken into custody on a detainer and
removed to Knoxville where he was confined in the Knox County Jail to await
prosecution in federal court. He made an unsuccessful attempt to escape from
this jail. When he was tried he pleaded guilty and asked for probation, saying
that he had never had a chance to go straight. The judge, however, sentenced
him to two more years in the penitentiary at Atlanta.
Banghart served this
sentence, but in January, 1932, less than two months after his release, he was
arrested in Detroit as a robbery suspect. He was released to local authorities
at South Bend, Indiana, for prosecution on an armed robbery that had occurred
in that city in 1927. On his way to South Bend, Banghart boasted that he had
belonged to the Purple Gang in Detroit and that the South Bend Jail could not
keep him long. He was right. On March 27, 1932, he blinded a turnkey with
pepper, took his jail keys, seized a machine gun, and shot his way out of jail.
It was at this point that
he fled to Chicago and became a machine gunner and top leader of the Touhy mob,
at that time engaged in an underworld war with the Capone interests.
It was Banghart who planned
and led the kidnapping of John Factor by the Touhy mob in 1933. In the final
stages of this case he narrowly escaped capture after a running gun battle with
police. Accompanied by his paramour and two of the Touhy gangsters, he left
Chicago and hid out for a while in Tennessee, ultimately moving to Charlotte,
North Carolina.
In November, 1933, Banghart
and his two henchmen robbed a United States mail truck at Charlotte, obtaining
$120,000. He was next arrested in a fashionable apartment in Baltimore,
Maryland, on February 10, 1934.
After standing trial in
Chicago for participating in the Factor kidnapping and standing trial at
Asheville, North Carolina, for participating in the mail robbery, he was
returned to Illinois and incarcerated in the state prison at Menard to serve
the 99 years for the sentence which he had drawn for the Factor kidnapping.
On October 2, 1935, he and
other inmates at Menard assaulted prison guards and, in a commandeered truck,
crashed through the prison gates. Banghart was soon recaptured and, as
previously pointed out, was sent to Joliet to complete his sentence.